Strain Theories of Criminal Behaviour Essay -- Strain Theories of Crim

Strain theories of criminal behaviour have been amongst the most important and influential in the field of criminology. Taking a societal approach, strain theories have sought to explain deficiencies in social structure that lead individuals to commit crime (Williams and McShane 2010). Strain theories operate under the premise that there is a societal consensus of values, beliefs, and goals with legitimate methods for achieving success. When individuals are denied access to legitimate methods for achieving success, the result is anomie or social strain. This often leads an individual to resort to deviant or criminal means to obtain the level of success that they are socialized to pursue. This is the basic premise of strain theory. This paper will explore the evolution of strain theories by first examining their intellectual foundations which laid the foundation for Robert Merton’s theories of anomie and strain. Merton’s strain theory will be discussed in detail includin g the modes of adaptation that people use when faced with societal strain. Finally, the paper will conclude with the strengths and weaknesses of Merton’s strain theory and an examination of the criminological theories and social policies it has influenced. To gain an accurate understanding of strain theories it is best to first examine their intellectual foundations. One of the most important influences on the development of strain theories was sociologist Emile Durkheim. A structural functionalist, Durkheim argued that deviance and crime were not only normal, but also served a function in society. Durkheim believed that crime served the purpose of displaying to members of society what behaviours and actions are considered unacceptable as determined by societal co... ...y are bombarded from birth that they should desire and pursue money, power, fame, and success. Without achieving these goals they are seen as failures. Strain theories have shown that placing too much emphasis on individual success and the pursuit of happiness through the accumulation of power and wealth, can lead to an increase in crime. References Featherstone, R., & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and strain: Context and consequences of Merton’s two theories. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 471-489. Murphy, D., & Robinson, M. (2008). The maximizer: clarifying Merton’s theories of anomie and strain. Theoretical Criminology, 12(4), 501-521. Willis, C. (1982). Durkheim’s concept of anomie: Some observations. Sociological Inquiry, 52(2), 106-113. Williams, F., & McShane, M. (2010). Criminological Theory, (5th Edition). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Brave New World †Freedom Essay

The concept of freedom is always changing and is often open to interpretation. What, exactly, is freedom? and why is it so important that we be free? In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley leaves the reader in continuous suspense over which character is truly free or has freedom. The citizens of the World State do not possess any notion of freedom, they are unable to control the way they think, feel and make decisions; however, John has the ability to do all of these things. The World State holds the citizens captive of their most fundamental rights to freedom through Soma, the media and hypnopedia; whereas, John, free from society’s captivities, has complete control over himself and his mind. The citizens of the World State are enslaved by their ruler, they are devoid of emotions, all emotions except for that of happiness. They lack the state of consciousness needed to make their own decisions and that, in turn, creates a society that is solely governed by one process of thought. The World State uses Soma to control the emotions of the citizens in order to create and maintain stability in the world. This control not only takes away the pleasures of experiencing real, genuine emotions but also corrupts one’s ability to react according to how they feel in a situation. The citizens have the â€Å"freedom† to react as they please but with the constant restraints on which emotions they are allowed to feel even that freedom has been taken from them. †Ã¢â‚¬ Now don’t lose your temper,† she said. â€Å"Remember one cubic centimetre cures ten gloomy sentiments. â€Å"â€Å" (Huxley p. ). Freedom is reacting based on emotions that one’s self has come up with, emotions that have been drawn from a wide spectrum, not carefully selected by one’s ruler. The second most powerful tactic the World State uses to control their citizens is through the media along with debilitating the desire to not want to be a part of the social body. They engineer a culture that shelters citizens from what is really happening and what truly lies beneath the surface at all times. â€Å"She was appalled by the rushing emptiness of the night†¦ â€Å"Let’s turn on the radio. Quick! â€Å"†¦ â€Å"but I want to look at the sea in peace,† he said. â€Å"It makes me feel as though†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †not so completely a part of something else. Not just a cell in the social body†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ But Lenina was crying. â€Å"It’s horrible, it’s horrible,† she kept repeating. â€Å"And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social body? â€Å"(Huxley p. ). They, the citizens, are never given the opportunity to think for themselves or by themselves; thus, taking away the possibility of critical or analytical thinking. During the decanting period (birth) and even prior to that, the citizens of the World State are unable to choose their destinies, their futures are laid out before them before they are even processed as people. Not only are they devoid of the most common emotions, they lack any individuality at all because they are created to have a certain level of intelligence, a certain status in society, they’re engineered to have certain likes and dislikes and are even under the control of society when choosing what colour to wear. â€Å"From the ranks of the crawling babies came little squeals of excitement, gurgles and twitterings of pleasure†¦ Small hands reached out uncertainly, touched, grasped, unpetaling the transfigured roses, crumpling the illuminated pages of the books. The Director waited until all were happily busy. Then, â€Å"Watch carefully,† he said. And, lifting his hand, he gave the signal†¦ There was a violent explosion. Shriller and ever shriller, a siren shrieked. Alarm bells maddeningly sounded. The children started, screamed; their faces were distorted with terror. â€Å"And now†¦ now we proceed to rub in the lesson with a mild electric shock. â€Å"†¦ There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance. Their little bodies twitched and stiffened; their limbs moved jerkily as if to the tug of unseen wires†¦ Offer them the flowers and the books again. â€Å"†¦ but at the approach of the roses, at the mere sight of those gaily-coloured images of pussy and cock-a-doodle-doo and baa-baa black sheep, the infants shrank away in horror, the volume of their howling suddenly increased†¦. â€Å"They’ll grow up with what the psychologists used to call an ‘instinctive’ hatred of books and flowers. † (Huxley p. ). This kind of control leads to the complete destruction of individual and collective freedom. The World State holds the citizens captive of their most fundamental rights to freedom therefore, they are not free. Freedom is constantly questioned throughout the novel and John has the power of free will on his side because he has the capability to feel his own emotions, think critically, and act accordingly. That is something society simply will never have the opportunity or ability to experience. When he is inflicted in a situation he lacks no restrictions on his feelings, he feels love for Lenina and he feels pain for being an outcast, being different. John, who has the ability to feel everything. â€Å"†Is there any hope? † he asked. â€Å"You mean, of her not dying? † (He nodded. â€Å"No, of course there isn’t. When somebody’s sent here, there’s no †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Startled by the expression of distress on his pale face, she suddenly broke off. â€Å"Why, whatever is the matter? † she asked. She was not accustomed to this kind of thing in visitors. (Not that there were many visitors anyhow: or any reason why there should be many visitors. ) â €Å"You’re not feeling ill, are you? † †¦. Anger suddenly boiled up in him. Balked for the second time, the passion of his grief had found another outlet, was transformed into a passion of agonized rage. â€Å"(Huxley p. ). In contrast with the other citizens of the World State who cannot make out the most simple of genuine emotions and one’s ability to react according to how they feel in a situation, this really puts the concept of freedom into perspective. He is not only able to feel a wide selection of emotions but because of that freedom he can think critically and make logical and rational decisions about the State’s affairs and his own life. Due to his personal freedoms he is able to see things for what they really are instead of what they are made out to be by the World State. â€Å"†We don’t,† said the Controller. â€Å"We prefer to do things comfortably. â€Å"But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin. † â€Å"In fact,† said Mustapha Mond, â€Å"you’re claiming the right to be unhappy. â€Å" â€Å"All right then,† said the Savage defiantly, â€Å"I’m claiming the right to be unhappy†¦ not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen to-morrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind. There was a long silence. â€Å"I claim them all,† said the Savage at last. † (Huxley p. ). John is and forever will be free from the World State for the simple fact that he can think critically and make logical and rational decisions. To want to expanding his individuality and intelligence is another attribute the citizens of the World State will never posses; however,John has the desire and wonder to read Shakespeare, absorb information about religion, beliefs and his surroundings. â€Å"â€Å"The Savage’s face lit up with a sudden pleasure. â€Å"Have you read it too? † he asked. I thought nobody knew about that book here, in England. † â€Å"Almost nobody. I’m one of the very few. It’s prohibited, you see†¦ â€Å"But why is it prohibited? † asked the Savage†¦ The Controller shrugged his shoulders. â€Å"Because it’s old; that’s the chief reason. We haven’t any use for old things here†¦ we don’t want people to be attracted by old things. We want them to like the new ones. â€Å"†¦. â€Å"But the new ones are so stupid and horrible. Those plays, where there’s nothing but helicopters flying about and you feel the people kissing. â€Å" He made a grimace. â€Å"Goats and monkeys! Only in Othello’s word could he find an adequate vehicle for his contempt and hatred. † (Huxley p. ). The natural demonstration of this attribute reflects how thoughtless his free will is, strongly contrasting the captivity those of the World State are under. Others that are led by the rules of the World State are merely human-looking machines that carry out meaningless lives to keep the rulers happy and society stable.. John has presented a state of being that the rulers of the World State have tried to exterminate- free will. He is who he wants to be and has pushed away the man society has created. And that, is freedom.

Child Trafficking - 2217 Words

Priceless Commodity: An Essay on Child Trafficking Child Trafficking is a form of human trafficking. It is defined as the recruitment, transfer and harbouring of children, for purposes of exploitation (Child Trafficking, www.dictionary.com). The trafficking of children is the third largest global consumer market, especially in areas of Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, with an estimated 1.2 million children being trafficked annually. (UN.GIFT). Since poverty has been in existence, so has child trafficking. â€Å"In the nineteenth century, the moral challenge was slavery.† (Nicholas D. Kristof, Half The Sky). The practice of child-trafficking is a very close relative to slavery. The gap between the†¦show more content†¦Traffickers do not think about what they are doing. They are in the business for the money, and without tough laws, this horrendous practice will continue to grow. The final cause is the different social factors that affect each individual country and family. In man y countries, there is a young life expectancy, which often leaves children without a parent. This causes a child to step up and begin to take care of their family, often playing a leading role. Children in this position do feel a sense of obligation to provide in many ways for their families, and many a time this means they must begin to contribute financially. There are not many options for minors to earn a living in some areas of the world, so trafficking is an option they may often find themselves involved in. Many of these reasons, that cause people to find themselves entangled in the world of trafficking can be fixed with the help of awareness and aid. Many people are sadly unaware of the affairs associated with child-trafficking,, and that needs to be changed, if there is ever going to be an improvement in the lives of these unfortunate families and children. There are different methods of trafficking, including three of the most popular and widespread. There is a high demand for trafficked children especially girls, by tourists in some countries. In India, there are brothels which hold women and young girls, with nearly 36Show MoreRelated Child Trafficking Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesChild Trafficking â€Å"The global market of child trafficking is at over $12 billion a year with over 2 million child victims† (â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† 1). This statement from the article â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† describes how serious this crisis is nationwide. Child labor, illegal adoptions and child prostitution are the three forms child trafficking typically exists as (â€Å"Riverkids Project† 1). 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